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Sarah Stone (midwife)
Sarah Stone (active 1701-1737) was an English midwife and author during the Early Modern period. She advocated for the better education of female midwives, speaking out against the rise of male-midwives in her line of work. She is considered a “champion of her sex and a disciple and advocate of the Enlightenment.”〔Isobel Grundy, “Sarah Stone: Enlightenment Midwife,” Clio Medica 29, (1994): 128-144〕
==Life and career==
Although her date of birth is unknown, Sarah Stone was born to the midwife Mrs. Holmes of Bridgewater, who was quite well-known despite there not being many records about her. When she came of age, Sarah acted as her mother’s apprentice for six years, a training that concluded around 1702. However it is cited that Stone began her own practice in Bridgewater around the year of 1701, although some considered her too young for the job at that time. Stone married a surgeon-apothecary and had children (the number unspecified, although at least one daughter became a midwife in 1726,) as it was custom for midwives to have experienced childbirth themselves.〔Anna Bosanquet, “Inspiration from the past (2) Sarah Stone the Enlightenment Midwife,” The Practicing Midwife 12, no. 9 (2009), 31-32〕 Marrying a surgeon apothecary might have given Stone easier access to medical literature and therefore allowing her to stay up to date with contemporary medical issues.〔Janette C. Allotey, “English Midwives’ responses to the medicalization of childbirth (1671-1795),” Science Direct, Vol.27(4), August 2011〕 Also, it most likely gave her a heightened sense of the future plans of male medical professionals to take over the practice entirely, sparking her dislike of male intervention in the midwife practice.
In 1705-1720, Sarah was staying in Taunton, Somerset, England where there were no other “man-midwives,” meaning there was no obstetric surgeon in the town. Thus, all of the obstetric emergencies befell Stone as she was the most advanced midwife around and many duties and tasks were set upon her to perform.〔Adrian Wilson, The Making of Man-Midwifery: Childbirth in England, 1660-1770, (Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1995), 57-59〕 At the peak of her career she took care of about three hundred births per year. Although most went well, not all of the births went smoothly, and Sarah faced many births where the child did not live or there were complications during the birthing process that affected the outcome. Interestingly, Stone rarely used any tools or instruments as aid in the practice; she used knife in four circumstances over a thirty-five year period. Instead, she developed a certain maneuver that was successful enough for her, despite the differing views of the growing man-midwife population. Stone faced some health problems due to her ongoing schedule of midwifery so she moved to Bristol. Bristol had competition for Stone, with multiple other midwives or man-midwives, however she managed to gain deserved recognition there.〔Bosanquet〕 Stone remained in differing view than the man-midwives and advocated for the importance of women in the practice because they had been doing it for centuries. Stone wrote a treatise to advocate for her argument and it gained popularity when it came out in 1737. However, not long after her work came out, Sarah Stone moved to London where there was no information about her recorded after that year.
Sarah Stone was a well-regarded midwife of her time. She was an excellent example of English midwifery. Stone could be compared to Madame Angélique du Coudray of France, who was a well-trained and educated midwife; du Coudray had invented her own machine of a women’s pelvic area to give instructions for the birthing process. Unlike Stone, du Coudray did not have children of her own, but adopted a girl as her niece, who also became a midwife.〔Nina Rattner Gelbart, The King’s Midwife: a history and mystery of Madame du Coudray, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 1-200〕 These women were influential in their practice across their countries. Many women, and men most likely, benefited from the information that they passed on from their experiences. Stone, although not inventing a machine or becoming a royally active midwife like du Coudray, left her legacy in her treatise, fighting for the female profession of midwifery.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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